What is the max time duration between stimulus and reward that can make reward-b ...

The 9th grade chemistry curriculum typically includes lessons on energy, the Periodic Table, chemical reactions, gases, liquids, solutions, and acids and bases. It may also include lessons on the properties of solutions, atomic structure, the states of matter, and mixtures. Additionally, 9th grade chemistry may cover topics such as the mole concept, stoichiometry, and chemical reactions.

A math ratio is a comparison between two (or more) numbers. It is written as a fraction, and indicates how many times one number contains the other. For example, if you have 2 cats and 4 dogs, the ratio of cats to dogs is 2:4, which can be written as a fraction as 2/4. This means that for every 4 dogs, there are 2 cats.

The Nernst equation is a mathematical expression used to predict the voltage of a electrochemical cell, based on the concentrations of ions and other conditions in the cell. It is named after the German physical chemist Walter Hermann Nernst, who derived the original equation in 1889.

The chance of learning a specific stimulus-response connection depends on the specific animal, stimulus, response, and timing of the reward.As a rule of thumb, the probability is lowered with the complexity of the stimulus and the required response, and increased with the intelligence of the animal and the relevance and attractiveness of the reward.Higher (more intelligent) animals may recognize more complex stimuli, perform more complex responses, and (sometimes) realize the benefits of postponing the satisfaction by the reward.But generally, the probability of learning decays exponentially with the length of the interval between the response and reward (or punishment)!